Dutch Air Quality Resources

Fine Particulate Matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) - Luntero

PM2.5 particles are ultra-fine pollutants capable of penetrating deep into the lungs and even entering the bloodstream. They result mainly from combustion processes such as vehicle engines, wood burning, and industrial emissions, as well as secondary chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Because of their microscopic size, PM2.5 particles pose serious long-term health risks and are a major contributor to global air pollution–related diseases. Monitoring PM2.5 levels helps guide policies and daily behaviors that reduce harmful exposure and improve air quality.

Understanding PM2.5 in air quality

PM2.5 consists of microscopic particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometres or less. Because of their tiny size, they can reach the deepest parts of the lungs and, in some cases, cross into the bloodstream. PM2.5 forms directly from combustion sources—such as vehicle engines, wood burning, and certain industrial processes—or indirectly from chemical reactions involving gases like NOx, SO₂, and volatile organic compounds. Elevated PM2.5 is linked to cardiorespiratory effects and is a major driver of health burdens from air pollution worldwide. Levels vary with traffic intensity, heating seasons, stagnant weather, and regional episodes. Tracking PM2.5 helps residents and city planners reduce exposure, optimize ventilation, and target measures that deliver meaningful health and air-quality improvements.

Where does PM2.5 come from?

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) originates from combustion in vehicles, wood stoves, and industrial facilities, as well as from chemical reactions involving precursor gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. It can travel hundreds of kilometers, meaning local air quality is affected by both nearby and regional emissions. Because PM2.5 is mostly invisible and persistent, reducing its sources requires coordinated efforts across multiple sectors and borders.

Health effects of PM2.5

Exposure to PM2.5 is associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular risks. Sensitive groups may experience symptoms at lower levels than the general population.

- Shortness of breath

- Asthma and COPD aggravation

- Chest tightness

- Elevated cardiovascular risk

- Increased hospital admissions

Environmental effects of PM2.5

PM2.5 drives regional haze and reduces visibility over cities and landscapes. It also influences climate by scattering and absorbing sunlight and by altering cloud properties.

- Regional haze

- Visibility reduction

- Radiative forcing effects

- Cloud and precipitation changes

- Ecosystem deposition

Cities Monitoring PM2.5 Levels

Discover which Dutch cities actively monitor PM2.5 through official air quality stations. Each location provides real-time data that helps track pollution trends, identify hotspots, and improve public awareness. Click a city below to explore detailed measurements and see how air quality compares across the country.

Rotterdam

Rotterdam tracks PM2.5 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.

8 stations

Fine Particulate Matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) - Luntero

Where does PM2.5 come from?

Cities Monitoring PM2.5 Levels

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