Dutch Air Quality Resources
Ozone (O₃) - Ground-Level - Luntero
Ground-level ozone (O₃) is a secondary pollutant formed when sunlight reacts with traffic and industrial gases. It tends to build up on warm, sunny days and can travel far from its original source, affecting entire regions. Ozone is a strong irritant that impacts both human health and plant life, playing a major role in summer smog episodes. Keeping an eye on O₃ levels helps people time outdoor activities wisely and supports regional efforts to curb smog formation.
Understanding O3 in air quality
Ozone (O₃) at ground level is not emitted directly; it forms when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight. Concentrations usually peak in the afternoon and during warm seasons, and they can be elevated far from original emission sources due to regional transport. Ozone is a strong oxidant that irritates the airways, reduces lung function, and can trigger chest tightness and coughing—especially during outdoor exercise. Vegetation is also sensitive to O₃, with prolonged exposure reducing crop yields and stressing forests. Monitoring local ozone alongside precursors helps communities time outdoor activity, implement emission-reduction strategies, and evaluate regional smog episodes.
Where does O3 come from?
Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly; it forms when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in sunlight. The process is accelerated by warm, stagnant weather, which explains higher ozone levels during summer. Since O₃ can travel far from its origin, both local traffic and upwind industrial regions contribute to the ozone measured in a given area.
Health effects of O3
Short-term exposure to elevated ozone can cause throat irritation, coughing, and breathing difficulty, particularly during exercise. People with asthma or lung disease may be more susceptible.
- Airway irritation
- Coughing and chest tightness
- Reduced lung function
- Worsening of asthma symptoms
- Eye irritation
Environmental effects of O3
Ozone damages plant tissues, reduces photosynthesis, and can suppress crop yields. Over time, it contributes to regional smog and degrades natural and agricultural ecosystems.
- Vegetation and crop damage
- Reduced photosynthesis
- Forest stress
- Regional smog formation
- Ecosystem productivity loss
Cities Monitoring O3 Levels
Discover which Dutch cities actively monitor O3 through official air quality stations. Each location provides real-time data that helps track pollution trends, identify hotspots, and improve public awareness. Click a city below to explore detailed measurements and see how air quality compares across the country.
Rotterdam
Rotterdam tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
4 stations
Amsterdam
Amsterdam tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
3 stations
Den Haag
Den Haag tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
3 stations
Utrechtse Heuvelrug
Utrechtse Heuvelrug tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
2 stations
Maastricht
Maastricht tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
2 stations
Sittard-Geleen
Sittard-Geleen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
2 stations
Eindhoven
Eindhoven tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Hoeksche Waard
Hoeksche Waard tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Terneuzen
Terneuzen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Veldhoven
Veldhoven tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Hilvarenbeek
Hilvarenbeek tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Almere
Almere tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Beekdaelen
Beekdaelen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Steenwijkerland
Steenwijkerland tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Stichtse Vecht
Stichtse Vecht tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Lopik
Lopik tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Groningen
Groningen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Schouwen-Duiveland
Schouwen-Duiveland tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Schiedam
Schiedam tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Noordwijk
Noordwijk tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Dronten
Dronten tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Vlaardingen
Vlaardingen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeer tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Maassluis
Maassluis tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Berkelland
Berkelland tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Nijmegen
Nijmegen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Noardeast-Fryslân
Noardeast-Fryslân tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Ede
Ede tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Borger-Odoorn
Borger-Odoorn tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Breda
Breda tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Heerlen
Heerlen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Roerdalen
Roerdalen tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Dordrecht
Dordrecht tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Woensdrecht
Woensdrecht tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Hollands Kroon
Hollands Kroon tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Hellendoorn
Hellendoorn tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Venray
Venray tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Woerden
Woerden tracks O3 to reveal how air quality changes throughout the day and how it compares with other cities in the Netherlands.
1 stations
Explore Other Air Quality Components
Air quality is influenced by more than just this pollutant. Explore other key components such as particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and the overall Dutch Air Quality Index (LKI). Each pollutant plays a different role — from traffic emissions to sunlight-driven reactions — shaping how clean the air feels and how it impacts health and the environment. Discover how these components interact and learn which pollutants matter most in your area.
Dutch Air Quality Index (LKI - Luchtkwaliteitsindex)
The Dutch Air Quality Index (LKI) gives a simple snapshot of overall air pollution levels. It combines key pollutants into one score to help you quickly understand today’s air quality.
Overall Air Index
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a traffic-related gas that often spikes in busy urban areas. It’s a major contributor to smog and can affect both lungs and overall health.
Traffic Emission Gas
Particulate Matter ≤10 µm (PM10)
PM10 particles are coarse dust and soot small enough to be inhaled into the upper airways. They often come from traffic, construction, and natural sources like dust storms.
Coarse Dust Particles
Fine Particulate Matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5)
PM2.5 particles are fine pollutants that penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. They are among the most harmful pollutants, mainly from combustion and chemical reactions in the air.
Coarse Dust Particles
Dutch and EU Air Quality Context
All air quality information on Luntero comes from Luchtmeetnet, the official Dutch air monitoring network operated under national and EU standards. This ensures that every measurement—whether for NO₂, PM, O₃, or the LKI index—is consistent, transparent, and comparable across the Netherlands and other European countries.
View Luchtmeetnet data sourceQuick links
Interactive air quality map of the NetherlandsOfficial air quality monitoring stationsMain air quality componentsAbout LKI and its role in air qualityHealth and environmental effects of LKISources and origins of LKIAbout NO2 and its role in air qualityHealth and environmental effects of NO2Sources and origins of NO2About PM10 and its role in air qualityHealth and environmental effects of PM10Sources and origins of PM10About PM2.5 and its role in air qualityHealth and environmental effects of PM2.5Sources and origins of PM2.5About O3 and its role in air qualityHealth and environmental effects of O3Sources and origins of O3
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